Right to Counsel Essay Example for Free

Right to Counsel Essay 1)  Ã‚   The right to counsel as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution refers to the right of the accused to have the court appoint an attorney for him for his defense at the critical stages of criminal proceedings (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). These crucial stages are arraignment, trial, custodial interrogation, police line-up after charges have been filed, sentencing and until appeal of a judgment of conviction (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law). The Right to Counsel Clause of the Constitution attaches during custodial interrogation when law enforcement officers deprive the accused of his freedom and thereafter subjects him to questioning. The right to counsel has some bearing with the due process clause especially in the case where the accused is charged with an offense punishable with death penalty. In this case, the court must appoint a competent counsel for the defense of an indigent accused (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law). 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚   The U.S. Supreme Court laid down the standards for law enforcement officers during custodial investigations in the case of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436. According to the Court, the suspect â€Å"must be warned that they have the right to remain silent; that any statements they make may be used as evidence against them; that they have the right to an attorney; and that if they cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for them prior to any questioning if they so desire† (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436).   Any evidence obtained in violation of these principles shall not be admissible in court in accordance with the exclusionary rule. This being so, the evidence cannot be used against the accused (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law). Waiver of the Miranda rights must be made knowingly and intelligently and should the suspect invoke his right to counsel to be present during the interrogation, the police officers must cease the questioning.

The Common Causes Of Business Failure Business Essay

The Common Causes Of Business Failure Business Essay Lack of Industry Experience and Knowledge, Insufficient Start-up Money, Failure to Understand Market and Customers, Poor Employee Management Skills, Wrong Location, Improper Pricing of Product or Service, Failure to Understand and React to Competition, Incorrect Cash-Flow Estimates (Poor Budgeting), Insufficient Time Devoted to Business, Mismanagement of Assets,(Cash ,Inventory, Receivables, Fixed Assets) Prepare Sales Tax Make Quarterly Payments, Estimate Income Tax, Make Payments, Analyze Doubtful Accounts Receivables, Review Detailed Inventory Schedule, Analyze Prepaid Expenses, Review Schedule of Property and Equipment, Review Accounts Payable/Accrued Expenses, Review Schedule of Insurance Policies. Reconcile to PL, analyze Inventory Write-downs, Analyze Other Assets and Other Liabilities, Analyze Current/Long-Term Debt, Prepare IRS Forms W-2 (employee) and Forms 1099 (consultant), Close Financial Books for the Year, Draft Financial Reports (if needed), Draft Tax Returns If they have no ideas of these items there was maximum chance of business failure and need to minimize the business and go ahead to success. Fredland and Morris (1976) says when a owner start a business he/she/company accept the three kinds of risk. which resolve the success to the business. firstly. risk related with the economy in which business is located. it referred to economy based risk. Secondly, risk related with the industry in which that business is operating. It referred to industry based. Thirdly, risk related with the business itself which is unique. I t refereed to firm based risk. According to (Dun and Bardstreet 1997), said that most of the business are failure because they cannot survey about their business and their employees. Only 20 employees have 37% chance to surveying four years. 9% chance of surveying 10 years and these failed business 10%of them closed involuntarily due to bankruptcy and 90% closed because the business was not successful. Other thing is owner didnt pay how much the employee wants or desired as for their effort. In US over 43000 business failed on 1997 thats total liabilities nearly $20 billion.90% business failure in the US are caused by a lack of general business management skills and planning. According to Dun Bradstreet statistics7, 88.7% of all business failures are due to management mistakes. The following list summarize the 12 leading management mistakes that lead to business failures. 1) Going into business for the wrong reasons 2) Advice from family an friends 3) Being in the wrong place that the wrong time 4) Entrepreneur gets worn-out and/or underestimated the time requirements 5) Family pressure on time and money commitments 6) Pride 7) Lack of market awareness 8) The entrepreneur falls in love with the product/business 9) Lack of financial responsibility and awareness 10) Lack of a clear focus 11) Too much money 12) Optimistic/Realistic/Pessimistic It should be understood that no magic solutions will guarantee a business success. However, the following items should assist in the improvement of chances for success. 1) Development of a business plan 2) Obtaining accurate financial information about the business in a timely manner 3) Profile of target 4) Profile of competition 5) Go into business for the right reasons 6) Dont borrow family money and dont ask the family for advice 7) Network with other business owners in similar industries 8) Dont forget, someone will always have a lower price than you 9) Realize that consumer tastes and preference change 10) Become better informed of the resources that are available 1.2.2 some causes of business failure in the market 1. Lack of clear links between the objectives and the organisations key strategic priorities, including agreed measures of success. 2. Lack of clear senior management and other level. 3. Lack of effective engagement with stakeholders. 4. Lack of skills and established approach to project management and risk management. 5. Too little attention to breaking development and implementation into manageable steps. 6. Evaluation of proposals driven by initial price rather than long-term value for money (especially securing delivery of business benefits). 7. Lack of understanding and contact with the supply industry at senior levels in the organisation. 8. Lack of effective organization team integration between clients, the supplier team and the supply chain. 1.2.3 Small Business Success story One of the success busine.ss story of Oscar Neal Asbury who is the founder and president of Greenfield World Trade. He involved in exporting of high quality US product since 1979.he gives the service for the food and equipment over 130 countries to both retail and commercial market. Now a days Asbury is the US economy stragglers he expanding his products. He is a success business man at getting loan during the national credit crunch and witness to the financial strength of his company as well as the strategic importance of being an exporter to over 130 countries. He won the prestigious award 2008 small business week National Exporter Year award and E-Star Export and the Export Achievement award from the US Department of commerce. In 1981 he went to Asia for represented several US manufactures throughout the region and In 1987 he found Asbury worldwide which became the largest American Export management company in its segment with 12 distribution facilities around the world. He starts FAB Asia, Inc. In the Philippines which was the exclusive Asian fabricators of commercial kitchens for McDonalds as well as other well known American restaurants and chains. In 1999 Mr. Asbury established his current company, Greenfield World trade ,.Inc. He published over 50articals on global trade issues, a column for to The Point News and International Trade Blog for asburysworld.com . Mr. Asbury is also an advocate, leader in this field and also the US secretary of commerce, he serves as the chairman of the South Florida district Export Council and is a founding faculty member of Export University. He is also the member of the international policy committee at the US chamber of commerce in Washington DC. This is the successful business story of Asbury in the small business organization who gives his effort for the organization. At that time he used various types of ideas and business strategy with their business competitors. when the business start it need to faced many kinds of internal and external problems. For the success business organization reduce or solving problem which effect the organization . The modern business is very complex. Due to scientific and technological development, changes are taking place very fast in every business field. Following are the basic personal skills or qualities which a good businessman must possess: 1. Ability to Plan :A businessman, if he wants to shine in business, must have the ability to plan and organize it. 2. Activator He had to activate his workers. If he activates his workers then this is good for business. 3. Bold or Courage :Courage is a great asset of a businessman. A good businessman should be a courageous and bold person. May be his some angry decisions gave him loss in future, so he has to be courageous and be bold. 4. Cooperation :A good businessman should have to cooperate with his workers. With the help of cooperation with his workers he can run his business well. 5. Courtesy: Courtesy is to business what oil is to machinery. It costs nothing but wins a reputation. So businessman has to win the heart of everyone with his polite manners. 6. Decision Making: A good businessman should be a good and quick decision maker. Quick decision of a businessman is an important asset of businessman. And businessman has to know that his quick decision will give him benefit or not. 7. Discipline: A good businessman should have to care about the discipline of the business. If he doesnt care about the discipline then nobody (who concern to his business) obeys the discipline and business cant go well. 8. Evaluator: A businessman has to check himself that how he is working. This thing can make the business good in progress. 9. Foresight: A good businessman must have the quality of foresight. He must keep in touch with the business world. He should move about and see what is going on for he has to estimate new wants and new inventions for creating fresh demands. 10. Honesty: A businessman should be honest in dealing with others. Honesty of a businessman helps him in his business. 11. Hardworking: A businessman must be hard working. Without have working no business can be successful. If the owner is not hard working then other workers of the business cant be hardworking. 12. Initiation: The business world is moving at a very fast speed. A businessman should have the ability to take initiative by producing new things and new methods of marketing the products and services. 13. Knowledge: A good businessman should have knowledge of his business. It should be supplemented by the knowledge of trade, finance, marketing, income tax, etc. 14. Leadership: Leaders are not made, they are born; but the businessman has to get some qualities of a leader. With the help of leadership a businessman can control his business and workers. 15. Negotiator: If a businessman is a good negotiator, then he can run his business well, because without good communication he cant impress his consumer. 16. Personality: A businessman should have a graceful personality because it can impress his customers. If his personality is not good or not graceful then his business cant go well. 1.3 Significance of study Why is the business planning is important and why it will be done in concert with a strategy? What benefits will occur by this study? For the success of any organization, planning should be the most important to achieve the goal. Without the planning organization never achieve the target of goal and objectives of organization by view of macro perspective business is done in a global market. Because of the growing new technology and the Internet. Time and distance continue to become less and less relevant. In a view of micro, the level of any individual company or organization strategic planning provides a company purpose and direction. It is importance to owners of organization and high level managers who make plans and policies to achieving goals. The main benefit of this planning is make no mistake in business running when the planning is making 1st find out the weakness of organization and try to removed this weakness which get the success and the goal of organization. 1.4 Research Questions and/or Hypotheses and/or Null Hypotheses The objectives of any good business research should be how to better promote the business in an economically sound manner and to increase the businesses net profit, exposure, and ensure its continuity. Another characteristic of good business research is judging local problems of the environment in which establishment is going to operate. If the business is manufacturing a specific product, look at the market size and options on how to produce the product. characteristic of good business research objectives is flexibility . To identify about the policies and strategy of other competitors of the market. what they are doing? 1.5 Analytical Procedure: Analytical procedure helps to find out the target objectives. It refers to the procedure of using the analytical statistical tools and data. There are not any specific tools that can be used to find out the desired outcome. For the study it will be used the SWOT analysis System has been used. A brief description of the SWOT 1.5.1 Internal analysis of the organization The SWOT analyse is made by observing and describing ( it is a qualitative analyse ) the characteristics of our business and of the market where it is found. The SWOT analysis allows to detect the strength of our company and the threats of the environment. S -Strength : describes the resources and the skills that our company has acquired. What is the difference from the company? What can we improve ? W -Weakness : describes the factors in which we have unfavourable position with regard to the competence. In order to make the internal analysis. In order to make the internal analysis , has to be considered the analysis of resources, of activities and risks. External analysis of the organization O -Opportunities : they describe the possible markets, business niches that can be seen by everyone, but if they are not recognized on time that would mean the loss of the competitive advantage. T -Threats : The describe the factors that cab put in danger the survival of the organization , if they are recognised on time they can dodge or they can become opportunities. In order to make the internal analysis we have to take into account the analysis of the environment, of the interested groups, the legislation, and the demographic and political aspects. Once we have described the threats, the opportunities, the strengths and the weakness of the company, we can construct the SWOT matrix. Matrix let us visualise and summarised the present situation of the company. Chapter-2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION The main objectives of this chapter is to review the previous and existing literature which is close to the research topic and objectives. In this chapter we get the clear vision about the business organization and the short description about the strategies planning ,policies, knowledge management, business environment, causes ,process and the symptoms of the business failure and how to alignment . The research will be predictably analysis under different views which relevant different methods of business prediction. This study business failure helps to sustain long term run in market, save form competitors and how to manage the internal and external environmental problems of business organization for the success of business organization. 2.2 Overview of business organization According to recent statistics from the UKsMinistry of Justice, almost 12,000 companies filed for insolvency in 2007 in England and Wales.This number is forecast to increase significantly (to around 13,500 companies) in 2008 (Financial Times, 2 January 2008) as the financial crisis hits businesses in the wider economy. Smaller companies are likely to suffer most because of a slowing economy and the increasing costs of borrowing in a deteriorating business environment. Business organization refers to that economic activity which is conduct on regular basis to earning profit motive through the production and sale of goods and service. In other word business means to remain busy in any activity like buying and selling production or distribution goods or service. Shrestha k.N.( 2010 pp.4-5) says that business organization which are formed for earning profit. they are mainly concerned with producing goods and service of value to the society .companies ,partnership, sole trading and joint stock are organised along this lines with a profit motive to survive against competition , future expansion and development. Taylor , F.W. (1856-19150 ) says a business organization usually in the manufacturing field, which provides students with education and training to degree standard.(David A.staat business management.1991,1999,2004 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor and Francis group.) Much of todays economic and business thinking is based on the ideas of the scientific movements towards the end of the nineteenth century one of the main underlying assumptions was that the economy and the business environment form a closed system in a state of dynamic equilibrium. By Beinhocker, (1997) . Ansoffs (1993) states the model of environmental turbulence which shows the extreme case of discontinuous unpredictably changing environment. The main objective of purposed organizations lack of complete information or different organization interpret the same information in different way? And business is the lifeblood of capitalist society. At once time or another we have all consider going into business. Everyday millions of people in the US buy goods from business one pay tax. Which invest on another business. The tax generated by these business help support a government infrastructure that is unrivalled in the modern world by Bevans(1961) 2.3 Business Strategy Mc. kiernan (1997) identified four strands to strategy theory and the knowledge based approach to strategy is sometimes subsumed into core competence or resource based strategy. We believed, however that knowledge -based strategy has its own distinctive characteristic at the same time as providing a fundamental underpinning for all the other theories of strategic Management . strategic learning is concerned with the process by which leaders, managers and organization learn about themselves. Their business and environment. Strategic learning is vital to development of the strategic knowledge upon which superior performance is based by Nokaka(1991)and other authors Chandler (1962) state that the strategy is determination of the basic long term and objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of course of action and all the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out of these goal .Porter (1996) state that positioning-once the heart of strategy is rejected as too static for today s dynamic market and changing technological. 2.3.1 Strategy Formation According to Teeca. et al (1995) says that the fundamental questions in the field of strategic management is how firm achieve and sustain competitive advantage. By the development a dynamic capabilities approach, the four questions helps define the field of strategic management its boundaries as they exist today, it concerns and how it can makes contribution to the practice of management the questions are: How the firm behave? Why are firms different? What is the function of or value added by the headquarters unit in a multi -business firm? What determines the success or failure of the firm in international or national competition? 2.3.2 Business Environment The business firm is a micro-economic- unit which firm operates. Bye environment the reference is the set of external factor on forces which operation of the business firm. The business firm individually doesnt have much influence on the environment. Types of business Environment Economic Environmental business Non Economic Environmental business Economic Environmental business Economic Environmental business activities involve transformation of inputs into outputs , supply of these market place and exchange of the products with the buyer for money, Business organization while performing these economic activities are constrained by the availability of resource ,land ,labour, capital raw materials and finance. Which related internal factors of business environment by Pailwar (2010) and another author states about non economical environmental business or External Environment. Reddy (2004) states that the environment is so complex and dynamic that it is difficult to describe and analysis because it is the external factor which automatically effect to the organization from outside the business organization such as: Political environment Social environment Demographic environment Technological environment Natural environment and Historical environment Organization ; Changing organizational characteristic Organization success when they operate in states of stability and harmony to adopt intentionally to the environment. Lowendahl (2005) concludes the the increasing complexity is transforming the field of strategic management form a search for general solution to an understanding and acceptance that different solution can working equally well. In post modern situation the nation of garnd (formal) theory model or frame work that applies to all organizations in a population collapses, as the characteristics of the organization by definition will be local, unique and temporary. 2.4 Knowledge management: This is the idea for how knowledge is manage like including knowledge management strategy and implementation by the definition of Webester (1992) Relationship management and marketing reflect these changing in management and strategy. These definitions embrace a verity of partners, not just customer and the term relationship can mean a variety of things depending on how it applied. It can be taken to mean only type of cooperation, form a conceive supply relationship to strategies evidence. And another author Donaldson (1998)said the managing various relationship types may place emphasis on managerial style and associated organizational culture. And organization using implementation methods in dealing with one supplier might find it a challenge to change to relationship approach. : identifying customer needs and requirements :anticipating future trends and monitoring environmental forces : satisfying customers existing and future requirements through managing the product or service packing, optimising value for money pricing and maximizing availability and delivery while promoting and selling benefits in the most effective way. :profit, ensuring that the company will be able to provide this process in the future. 2.4.1 Causes, Process and Remedies The failure process of the firm can be compared with the evolution of a disease in a human beings. In the same way failure itself is comparable to death. The causes of failure are often associated with management adequacy. These causes lead to occurrence of symptoms which are observable from the deterioration of financial ration. From the statement given by Luoma and Laitinen (1991) we can infer that a) failure is not a sudden even, it takes some time (evolution of the disease) for a company to become bankruptcy b) financial ratios are only symptoms of failure and c) failure process is triggered off by something causes. Unfortunately , very few authors Altman(1971) Vernimmen(1978) Dambolena and Knoury (1980) Koenig (1985) or Markidakis (1991) are really interested in bankruptcy. Even if the list of causes may be different across studies, we can distinguish two main causes of failure. Endogenous and exogenous factors. The main causes within organization is managerial incompetence this is the case in France and Belgium but also in US where 90% of bankruptcy can be impute to this factor Dambolena and Khoury (1980) add that bad management appears through lack of responsibilities to change in technology. Insufficient consideration for cost factor poor knowledge of financial matters. What exogenous factors concern, Altman (1971) mentions that the change in the nations failure rate is negatively associated with the change in overall economic activities Guilhot (2000) mention that there is a systematic correlation between failure and economic crises stock market performance, and supply condition. Thats why author Altman (1971) include in their macroeconomic factor. The influence of macroeconomic factor on bankruptcy seems particularly important. The numbers of bankruptcy in 2000is decreasing in Belgium to the relatively good and stable economic situation. But Vernimmen (1997) state again that the failure of one firms customer was the main causes of firms bankruptcy in France. This statement introduced bankruptcy prediction is very important topic because failure of a particular company could have unfortunate impact on ither entities. 2.4.2 The symptoms of Failure We already point out that the most of the authors rely on symptoms of the diseased in order to predict failure or bankruptcy. These symptoms can be qualitative or quantitative.(financial ratios) variables. Altman (1968) states that the excluding applications on too typical sector like banking or insurance. Where more and more ratios were used. Its strictly impossible to give here all ratios. We noticed that the most frequently used financial ratios are CA/CL, WC/TA, EBIT/TA and NI/TA. It was necessary to included non-financial and more qualitative information in the model Altman and Loris (1976) and Vernimmen (1978) Dimitras et. Al (1995) Greco et al. (1998) really including as qualitative information bankruptcy predication model. In this section they analysis as qualitative information managers works experiences. Firms market niche-position special competitive advantage of firm or market flexibility. Cormier et al.(1994) include other qualitative indicators like investment in a new sector, change in the depreciation method or change in ownership. Few authors Abdel-Khalik and El-Sheshi (1980) used trend data in the form of the average change over several years in different ratio. It seems that trends variable have a greater ability to draw out information from balance sheet data and more able to deficit creating accounting. Mader (1975) Mensah (1984) Khalos(1985) or Taffer(1985) proved the contrary. The size of the firm seems also have an impact on the financial disease of the firm of the firm. Bryant (1971) and Laitinen (1992) or Jo and Han (1997) shows the incorporate the size represented, like total assets , sales and the numbers of employees. 2.5 Strategic Alignment HR and Business leader must think of strategy and its role in the border HR. Programmes and practice in a holistic way answering these questions as they determine the policies and practice that will be their basis of their business culture. What do we do? How should we do it? What all skills do we need to be successful? What skills do we need survive for future? It means the link between all of the activities that are conduct as part of human resources management and the human resources policy. This links explain the direct application of every single human resource policy, practice and programme support the business. Brocke and Rosemann (2010) conclude that the business process management requires an alignment with the organizational strategy. Only such tight alignment ensure relevance business process management and a valuable contribution to the corporate long term priorities. Alignment doesnt have to be a unidirectional in the typical sense that a BPM strategys oriented towards the corporate strategy. Source: Handbook on process management by J. Vom Brocke and M. Rosemaan (2010) Delivering Business strategy through process management It should be recognized that two phases will naturally build off one another in a never ending cycle from year to year. It formulates enhanced by and planned capabilities from the previous round. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH- METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter deals with the research design, justification for the selected study unit, nature and source of data, data collection method, data processing and SWOT analysis The word methodology is defined as a system which comprises the principles, practices and procedures which are applied to a specific branch of knowledge. Methodology refers to the way in which information is found or the way something is done. Methodology includes the methods, techniques and procedures which are used to collect and analyse information. 3.2 Research Design A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. It is the plan structure and strategy on investigations conceived for obtaining answers to research questions and to control variances. To achieve the objective of this study, descriptive and analytical research designs have been used. To evaluate operating performance and the present condition of market, the SWOT analysis is taken as a secondary data analysis tool for this study. 3.3 Source of Data This study is conducted primarily on the basis of secondary data. The data relating to the theoretical based on the business organizations such as impact of internal and external business environment which effect directly to organization . In this cases, the primary data is not taken for the accuracy of analysis. Because it is not possible and also difficult to collect primary data. Supplementary data and information are collected from existing research, journals, news, books and websites. 3.4 Appropriate Research Method For this subject we can choose any method like the Description, explanation, qualitative and quantitative is the methods to collection and analysis of data. 3.4.1 Description Method : to describe a behaviour or type of subject not to look for any specific relationships, nor to correlate 2 or more variables. It can acquire a lot of information through description. It can be used as an indirect test of a theory or model some behaviours/situations cannot be studied any other way to general categories of descriptive designs: surveys observational studies. 3.4.2 Explanatory Method: Explanatory research focuses on why questions. For example, it is one thing to describe the crime rate in a country, to examine trends over time or to compare the rates in different countries. It is quite a different thing to develop explanations about why the crime rate is as high as it is, why some types of crime are increasing or why the rate is higher in some countries than in others. 3.4.3 Qualitative Method : The design of qualitative research is probably the most flexible of the various experimental techniques, encompassing a variety of accepted methods and structures. From an individual case study to an extensive survey, this type of study still needs to be carefully constructed and designed, but there is no standardized structure. 3.4.4 Quantitative method: Quantitative research is all about quantifying the relationships between variables. Variables are the things you measure on your subjects, which can be humans, animals, or cells. Variables can represent subject characteristics (e.g. weight, height, sex), the things are really interested in variables representing the timing of measurements and nature of any treatments subjects receive. To quantify the relationships between these variables, we use values of effect statistics such as the correlation coefficient, the difference between means of something in two groups, or the relative frequency of something in two groups. 3.4.5 Types of data collection i) Primary Data: this is the data which is collected by the first research person. In this method the data collect himself using methods such as interviews and questionnaires. The key point here is that the data he/she collect is unique to him and his/her research and, until he/she publish, no one else has access to it. There are many methods of collecting primary data and the main methods include: Questionnaires, interviews, focus group interviews, observation, case-studies, diaries ,critical incidents

Stakeholders Involved in Decision Making

Stakeholders Involved in Decision Making Mitchelle Malijan In every policy making process, the elements involved, and the most engaged people are those who are on the higher ranks of the organisational chart, such as the board of directors, managers, and supervisors. The reason for this is because another key factor in the approval of any policies is the monetary fund or budget needed to execute such plan of action. In line with this, the budget is usually handled and managed by those who are in the higher division of any organisation, thus giving them the power and influence over the whole system. However, it is always ideal to involve all the participating individuals, such as the staffs and consumers as well in the making of any policy. This is because the employees are the ones who are in direct connection to the problems that are identified which will be the foundation of the policy making procedure. Overall, the staffs doing most of the jobs are the ones greatly affected by any problems recognised that is why it is really important for these group of people to be part of the decision making process in creating any policies. Workplace Any work place may be run by a variety of leaders with different and diverse management styles. It depends on the type of company that they handle. However, the important thing in making decisions in the work place is the welfare of the staffs and employees. It is because these people are the ones who are in direct involvement to any work related issues in the company, even though the decisions are done by those who are in the higher rank in the office, like the directors, CEO’s and the like. Due to this scenario, an applicable decision making model for this particular area may be the Contingency Theory. Contingency theory states that a leader must have a good relationship with his members. It also expresses that no particular or specific style will be perfect and always suitable for every organisation. These factors; Leader-member relationship, his power and authority over the people, will make up for the favourability of any situation.[1] At the end of the day, the decision to be done by the manager or leader will still depend whether his subordinates or staff will agree on it. Government The government is a group of leaders who are having influence or power over a particular assembly of people or community. This entails the idea that a leader must possess a quality of a good commander who is firm, strong, and determined; but still must be able to communicate and listen well to his people who are under his authority. That is why a decision making model which may be applicable for this area is the Political Bargaining Model. The Political Bargaining Model states that every decision making process that is influenced by certain factors, like what the people or participants bargain, want and need in a particular scenario or environment. This model can be used in the government setting as the government, even though run by leaders, is still created by the people since they are the ones being managed and they are the ones who voted for those leaders to be in their position. So in the end, what matters most is the people’s consensus and decision. To make this simple, the leaders must serve these people who put them to the place where they are now. This is relevant though in a democratic government. Since the leaders in the government have the job and responsibility to maintain and safeguard the welfare of their subordinates, they must be able to do what is best for them, and be flexible as much as possible to attend to their necessities and wants. In this system, collaboration and give and take actions between the members and the leaders are evident. Professional Organisations A professional organisation is defined as any group of individuals who are working in the same line of business or occupation.[2] This organisation, commonly not profit generating, aims to promote, enhance, and develop the existing performance or scope of practice of the profession that it is involved with. It also targets to protect and safe guard the welfare, safety, and interest of its members and stakeholders.[3] Examples of these groups are organisations like the Nursing Council of New Zealand, Chartered Professional Engineers Council, and the like. In making decisions for the professional organisational setting, the organisational process model may be applicable. This is because the policy created by these bodies lies on the existing rules that each profession possesses. In addition to this idea, it is mentioned that a professional organisation, as the definition states, aims to improve and develop the scope of practice of the occupation it covers. Hence, the organisational process model of decision making is a suitable pattern and framework for this area of politics and policy that a health care professional may be immersed with. An example for this can be the case of creating a policy to manage the working hours and shifts of nurses in hospitals and health care facilities. This proposal will rely on the existing fact of the working hours and schedules that a nurse have; say for instance 40 hours per week and shifting from night to day duties. To reduce the risk for health hazards, stress, and fatigue for employees, some changes or adjustments will be recommended for this. Like giving allowance of around 9 hours for those nurses who will be shifting duties from night to day, or vice versa. In this recommendation, nurses will still be working on different shifts, as per required in their profession, and also still get the same working hours required. Community A community is a small or large unit in the society that is composed of group of people who are sharing the same interests, pursuits, and goals in life. Any decisions that are to be done with regard to this circle must be beneficial for the majority and their interest. Decisions must also be done in line with the current trends, situations, and circumstances. So, for this area, a suitable decision making pattern may be the Garbage Can Model. The Garbage Can Model is defined as the opposite of the rational decision making model, thus, leading it to the thought that it may be disorganised and confusing as opposed to the other one. But, if looking deep into its meaning and context, the Garbage can model can be a sensible tool to solve issues in the community because it uses the four elements: people or members, issues, the solutions, and the choices. By studying those four factors, decisions are being formulated in a practical way and less time consuming because the only needed things are taken into consideration. This scenario can be compared in an emergency situation in an emergency department in the hospital. The decisions to be done by the health care professionals such as the doctors and nurses will be solely based on the client’s condition and diagnosis (represents people and issues), the possible interventions that can be done to alleviate the pain or cure the ailment (solutions), and the choices (equipment an d medications available). This way, resources are maximised and only the essential factors are considered. This is the reason why this model is suitable for the community setting since in this area, various issues may arise because of the number of people involved in this association, so a decision maker must be able to focus on one problem at a time, and lay down only the needed solution choices for such to avoid confusion and time wastage. References: Shpak, S. (2014). The Contingency Theory of Decision Making. Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/contingency-theory-decision-making-44645.html Reference for Business. (2014). Retrieved from: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Per-Pro/Professional-and-Trade-Organizations.html Wikipedia: Professional Organisation. (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association [1] [2] [3]

Innovation Process of Amazon Kindle Essays -- Business, Online Store

INTRODUCTION Amazon.com entered the UK market as Amazon.co.uk on October 1998 by acquiring the site previously operated by Bookpages Ltd. The company began as US online book store in 1994. The retailer soon became very successful in the new market as its primary offer included over 1.4 million book titles, comprehensible search tools, secure transaction, direct shipping and also high discounts on thousands of popular books (Amazon, 1998). During 17 years of its presence on the market, Amazon offers various products and services including books, DVD, jewellery, electronics, furniture, , clothes, cosmetics, digital downloads, website development etc. (Datamonitor, 2010). Amazon significantly extended its product offer and currently is one of the leading online retailers in the world with several international websites and customers in over 200 countries. Amazon Kindle is one of Amazon’s recent remarkable products. Kindle is a portable device which allows user to read, download, and store e-books due to its wireless connection and internal memory (Amazon, 2009). The first version was originally launched in US market in 2007 and achieved success as sold out in five and a half hours (Patel, 2007). Later, Kindle has been through several upgraded versions; Kindle original, Kindle 2, Kindle DX, Kindle DX Graphite, and the most recent version Kindle 3 with improvements mostly on the shape, contrast, memory capacity, and operating system. Earlier versions of Kindle had been criticized for its aesthetic and user interface issues. Reviews from customers and gadget experts motivated Amazon to further improve the product. Kindle 3 was officially launched in July 2010. This new generation of Kindle is available in two options of connectivity;... ...cessfully established its position as market leader. This should be maintained with continuous and substantial improvement. Currently Kindle 3 operates in grayscale mode and it is potential for the company to develop the color version in the future. One thing need to be improved is its pricing strategies. The company should avoid reducing price on every new version as it could affect customer expectation and product value perception. Customer-oriented pricing strategies can be used in the future to establish Kindle standard price. This could be achieved by understand how customer use the product, the product benefit for customers, and estimate all relevant cost and compare how the product benefits offset these costs (Shiu, 2011b). This is an important point to consider in order to achieve sustainable position as the leading innovative e-book reader in the market.

Superstition In Shakespeares The Tragedy of Julius Caesar Essay

Superstition In Shakespeares The Tragedy of Julius Caesar Superstition has been around almost since people first inhabited the earth. For this reason, it has played a main role in many classical pieces of literature. One of Shakespeare’s tragedies, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, is full of superstition and the supernatural. It contained so much superstition in order to foreshadow key events in the plot, to further develop characters, and to thrill and relate to the Elizabethan audience for whom the play was written. Foreshadowing was perhaps the main reason superstition was used in Julius Caesar. The supernatural provided hints to the reader about many important events to come. The most important event that was foreshadowed, without a doubt, was the death of Caesar himself by the hands of Brutus and the conspirators on the ides of March. When the soothsayer cries out â€Å"Beware the ides of march†(312; act1,sc2) he is truly laying the groundwork for the rest of the events leading up to Caesar’s assassination. Although Julius dismisses the soothsay with a simple â€Å"he is a dreamer, let us leave him. Pass.† (313; act1, sc2) the reader realizes that this date will prove important in the near future. To the audience, the prophecies are dramatic irony-when Caesar is warned about the ides of March, we already know what is going to happen to him. (Farrow) That one simple dialogue sets the stage for the rest of the plot to advance swiftly. One of the reasons why this warning may have gone unheeded is because most sooth-sayers were not well respected, though many turned out to be right. â€Å"Since they lack any formal office or shop, and they predict forthcomings without fee, one can see quite easily why citizens would distrust their predictions†(Julius) One of the most graphic examples of Caesar’s death being foreshadowed was most definitely Calpurnia’s dream the night before Caesar is scheduled to go to the Senate. Caesar says â€Å"...she dreamt tonight she saw my statue, which, like a fountain with an hundred spouts, did run pure blood, and many lusty Romans came smiling and did bath their hands in it...†(341; act2, sc2). This very gruesome image is meant to hint at Caesar’s death. However, when Decius arrives at Caesar’s home, he tries to convince Caesar that he has misinterpre... ...sar is catarchic astrology, which determines whether a particular action or decision is suitable to a particular moment. Catarchic astrology is consulted quite often, especially when Caesar is choosing whether to go to the Senate House or not. It truly must have shocked the people of that era when Caesar went to the Capitol against all warnings, because â€Å"Elizabethans generally believed that prophecies were to be taken seriously, and certainly that no prudent statesman could run the risk of ignoring them† (Ribner 58). The people of the Elizabethan era were very proper, and to see someone, even if only a character in a play, break one of the laws of nature in which they so firmly believed, was quite astounding. Truly, Shakespeare wonderfully used superstition and the supernatural to create a masterful literary work. As Ribner said â€Å" We find Shakespeare approaching the matter of history with a surer hand, and out of it creating tragedy of a singular power† (Ribner 58). He accomplished his ultimate goal of using superstition to foreshadow important plot events, to delve deeper into character’s personalities, and to create excitement among the audiences of the Elizabethan era.

Enrollment system and scheduling Essay

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY Foreign and Local Literature Foreign Literature According to Trip Adler, enrollment is the process of entering and verifying data of students to register on a particular school. Different interrelated processes build up enrollment procedures called Enrollment System (ES). ES are used particularly in recording and retrieving student information. Tracking student information is also one feature of ES, in which the school can trace the standing of a student. (Trip Adler, 2005) Enrolment system or ES is used particularly in recording and retrieving student information. Trip Adler says enrollment is process of entering and verifying data of students to register on a particular school. From different interrelated processes will build up enrollment procedures. According to Matthew Townsley, â€Å"The implementation of the successful enrollment management program requires cooperation, coordination and teamwork among various campus constituencies.† Cooperation, coordination and teamwork among the proponents in making the Enrollment System play a very important role in the project. Thus resulting more productivity and better output. (Matthew Townsley, 2006) According to Daniel John Hossler, Enrollment System is a comprehensive process designed to help achieve and maintain optimum enrollment (recruitment, retention, and graduation rates). It is an institution wide process that permeates Virtually every aspect of the school’s functioned and culture. (Daniel John Hossier, System Structure etc. pg. 41, 2011) The proponents of the Enrollment System have considered all the aspects of the school’s need to produce an efficient and effective enrollment process. According to Bernard Konsynski, without a comprehensive strategy to manage enrollment, a school finds it difficult to increase productivity, service, quality, and competitiveness. (Bernard Konsynski, 1999) Competitiveness in all of the schools’ enrollment system is very high due to the standards and requirements of the school nowadays, so the proponent’s enrollment system has to meet all the standards and requirements of the school. According to Peterson, Eric W. Nov. 1999. The technology today plays a vital role in our society. It makes man work easier and fast. It lessens error of work by using machines. It reduces costs to an organization from paper works up to computerized working system. Many manual transactions can be computerized by using software applications or computer systems to make work easier and efficient. (Peterson, Eric W. November. 1999) Information technology can give a company ready access to improve product and service quality, reduce costs, increase productivity in smallest time possible, and communication between employees and to make things with lesser effort but having a better output and even improve the company morale. According to Thelma Smith (August 2010), The computerized enrollment system will provide the needed and storing information in a faster, more convenient way by storing file of the student enrollees in a computer system that will lessen the Effort of faculty staff in storing files of each student every now and then. The idea behind an enrollment system is not a new concept. This will only serve as an Immediate solution to the increasing problems towards enrollment that provides more easy way in enrolling. This only means that a poor management of an enrollment system could affect the operation of the school. Thus, to avoid errors in enrollment, it wills an instant remedy, which is the development of a computerized enrollment system. (Thelma Smith August 2010). According to Ian Sleight, Enrollment system is the must have system in a school. When a student is enrolling for a specific course the school requires all the necessary information of the enrollees. When the school retrieves the important information from the student, the encoder now should input the details of the student in the enrollment system. In the enrollment system, the school can trace what are the standings of the students or the academic performance of each student. It holds all the information needed by the school to provide a stored student data. (Ian Sleight, January 2010) Local Literature According to Honorato C. Perez, Sr. Late Cabanatuan City Mayor, Enrollment plays a very serious role in every school premise. It is very important in every and it acts as their foundation. Each school has their own system in handling their enrollment. And for them to accommodate many students, they need to computerize their enrollment system, for them to make their work easier and easy to manage. (Honorato C. Perez, Sr. Late Cabanatuan City Mayor) As they mayor said enrollment system plays a vital role in school because it is very important that should be organize, precise and coordinate in every transaction that the proponents proposed enrollment system that can do all of that. According to Jeffy Lomboy, Enrollment System is a good example of a computer generated process. This can lessen the workload and provides accurate information needed by the school. As a result, it will benefit not only the student but the administration as a whole. An enrollment system must be a good computer generated process, this said is to manage a time for the avoidance of a workload so that the accurate information that the school needs and it benefits only a student and the administrator. (Jeffy Lomboy, February 2011). According to Aries, The process of enrollment in schools nowadays requires information technology. The objective of Information Technology is to help humanity from doing loads of work over time. By having computerized system, the cost during enrollment will be cut down and much effort will be reduced. The computerized enrollment system reduced and cut down much effort of work over time of humanity by the used of enrollment technology. (Aries February. 2012) According to Joshua Jamora, Enrollment System is used for student information records. A well-built Enrollment System can be useful to reduce the load of the people that normally has to do all the manual work. A well enrollment system is built for faster process information. Enhancing the Enrollment system of Colegio de Saint Monique. A useful enrollment system is used to reduce the load of the human that normally has to do all manual work like in the enrollment process. A well enrollment system is build for a faster process for enrollment process. Enrollment system enhances the school of Colegio de Saint Monique in Binangonan. (Joshua Jamora February 2013). According to Eilrach Solomon, A quick and automated enrollment system process is the way the school can find an easier and better way to implement an enrollment system. The automation of the said system will be implemented through the use of equipments like computers and printers. Users can use these equipments in order for the work to be done faster and it can lessen the processing time because of fast accessing of grades. Eilrach said the develop a system that can minimize the processing time in order to access records of the students quickly so that enrollment process will be much faster than usual. Enrollees will be  more comfortable for the system that researchers will develop because of fast and consistent processing of schools enrollment system. (Eilrach Solomon February 2010). According to Harley Quinnie of Quezon City, a study to develop a comprehensive information system for the students of Informatics College Caloocan. For first time enrollees they are required to register using the school computers in order to process their application for enrollment at Informatics College Caloocan and They’re records will be stored into the school server, records such as name, address, guardian/s, course, subjects, and schedules. The Student Information System is proposed to help the students supervise their academic status, in order to keep track of the subjects they’ve taken, and the student will be able to view his course curriculum in any accessible computer in the school to see which subjects to take the following term. (Harley Quinnie of Quezon City., July 2012) Foreign and Local Studies Foreign Studies Computerized enrollment system of New Berlyn, a university will be able to make the process of enrolling people a hundred times easier. A computerized enrollment system is essentially a piece of computer software that allows people who manage enrollment to deal with all student data on the computer. The names and the information relating to individuals who study at the educational establishment will be stored on the computer. Computerized enrollment systems are pretty basic, really, as they can be changed and utilized to work for other companies and organizations. (Enrollment System New Berlyn, 2011) â€Å"Enrollment system will be their great advantage towards other School to their services fast, efficient use; it will benefit mostly the user of the system.† According to the study conducted in Australia, the new developed enrollment University system centralizes all relevant information about courses, units and student grades. It is the responsibility of the faculties to provide the system with information (course code and unit code) about the courses and units they  offer. For each course, the name of the course coordination must be communicated. The enrollment system in turn keeps the faculties in turn keeps the faculties informed of the numbers and names of students enrolled in the units. At the end of each semester the faculties will also communicate the students’ final grades; it is the system’s responsibility to send to students the end-semester notification giving the Final grades. (International School of informatics management, student admission system, November, 2011) â€Å"In facilitating the number of student enrolled in every section it must be known. Because many school didn’t controlled the number of student in every section so it so hustle in teacher to handle so many students in one room. According to the study of Roberts, the University of Derby has benefited greatly from the introduction of an Electronic Enrollment system and much has been learned on the way. The Institution has come to expect the provision of information on enrollments in real-time, it’s planning cycle and operation rely on it. Students expect the systems provided to be slick, available longer and to have no queues associated with them. While new systems will provide institutions with exciting new opportunities, the first and biggest step has already been taken with the handing over of the data and input to the student. The operation of the Electronic Enrollment System has paved the way for the implementation of Web based system at Deroy that will provide a better service to students. (Roberts, the University of Derby, November, 2009) â€Å"The proponent’s proposal real time enrollment system so all the transaction is can be done in one process.† According to Parcels Baggage it’s much easier to enroll people into universities, colleges, schools and other educational establishments these days by using a computer. The days of using documents and other files are over. It’s no longer feasible to enroll people into the more staff would have to be hired to deal with the paperwork and people would need training in how to manage the documentation properly. (Parcels Baggage, 2010) â€Å"The upgraded system should be agile enough to cope up with the existing environment, able to do more complex jobs from query, processing of documents and finally results to the clients.† Local Studies In the conducted study of Charlene G. Bulao et. Al (April 2000), in their undergraduate feasibility study entitled â€Å"A Proposed Computerized Enrollment System for Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela†, the case study stated that the school’s enrollment process are time consuming, redundant student records, and has a slow retrieval of student records. Similar with the stated problem of manual enrollment system at Canumay National High School the only difference is that Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela (PLV) requires payment for the tuition fee. Both of the study aim to develop a system that will reduce the redundancy of student’s information, reduce the consumed time in enrollment process, and a fast retrieval of student’s records. According to Jonel Vitor, (March 2008) et al, the computerized enrollment system is now used by the universities, colleges and other establishment. Therefore, computerized enrollment system is very useful to both the firm and students because it rather give an effective and efficient approach for both the students and schools. The proponent’s enrollment system is being useful in the school together with parents, staff, faculty, student that is very efficient to approach. (Jonel Vitor, March 2008) Marvin Marquez, March 26, 2011. It is recommended to the school to provide a computer where we can install the system. And also, a committee which can be headed by some teacher must be organized to operate the system. This software can be acquired in a very minimal cost. Free seminars and trainings will be given to the person who will operate the system, and manuals will be provided. The computerized enrollment system covers the major processes in Batanes State College namely: registration of the current and incoming students, class scheduling, sectioning, and reports needed. Since one of the specific objectives of the system is to secure the data being inputted to the databases, the system would Allow two user accounts which are the faculty and the registrar. (Marvin Marquez, March 26, 2011) According to Daniel G. Urbanozo successful enrollment management depends on information base that is comprehensive targeted and continuously updated to conform to enrollment policies and to monitor its effectiveness. Institution implementing enrollment programs need to establish an initial information infrastructure. This data will identify areas in need of further analysis that may suggest policy revision. â€Å"The proponents proposed system has an information infrastructure that can flexible in every situation that can be encountered in future.† According to Jofil Lomboy Enrollment is the process of entering and verifying data of student to registrar on a particular school. Different interrelated processes build up enrollment procedures called Enrollment System. Enrollment System is used particularly in recording and retrieving student’s information. Tracking student information is also one of the features of ES, in which the school can trace the standing of a student. (Technology Innovation on Enrollment System (Jofil Lomboy, February 2011) â€Å"The proponent’s enrollment systems can also easily track student information and tuition. Recording and retrieving and verifies the data of the students registered.† Synthesis The technology today plays a vital role in our society. It makes man work easier and fast. It lessens error of work by using machines. It reduces costs to an organization from paper works up to computerized Information Technology can give a company ready access to improve product and service quality, reduce costs, increase productivity in smallest time possible, and communication between employees and to make things with lesser effort but having a better output and even improve company morale. The process of enrolment in schools nowadays requires information technology. The objective of Information Technology is to help humanity from doing loads of work overtime. By having computerized system, the cost during enrolment will be cut down and much effort will be reduced. The project involves a series of studies that covers all the requirements of creating a computerized enrolment system. The goal of the study is the enrolment system of Ebenezer Montessori Christian School, Inc. The study aims provide a system that will serve their Registrar accurately and with efficiency in matters related to their enrolment. Enrollment System is a good example of a computer generated process. This can lessen the workload and provides accurate information needed of the school. As a result, it will benefit not only the student but the administration as a  whole. Enrollment System is very essential in a school. It is composed of a manual system. Directress used manual system in recording and retrieving student’s information. She also has information about student’s payment. In fact, she does all the record keeping just by using ball pen and columnar sheet. On the other hand, Registrar Department also used manual system as a way of recording and retrieving student information. Record system is complete school management software that effectively performs record and profiles management. This record software has a module dedicated to management of student’s records which makes it useful profile management software. This profile management system captures master Data of personal information of the students. The record management software is waded with resource capacity and availability so that all the information can be used to optimize resources and generate timetables. The record management software stores all static information in a central depository doing away with manual data management, redundancy and duplication. Use record management system for easy records and profiles management and realize other benefits of this powerful records management system. Bibliography Trip Adler (2005) Matthew Townsley (2006) Thesis Document no.61 title: Batasan Chunan Christian School. Inc Enrollment System. Page 18 Daniel John Hossier (2011) System Structure etc. page 41 Bernard Konsynski (1999) Thesis Document no.61 title: Batasan Chunan Christian School. Inc Enrollment System. Page 19 Thelma Smith (August, 2010) Ian Sleight (January, 2010) Peterson, Eric W. (November, 1999) Thesis Document no.61 title: Batasan Chunan Christian School. Inc Enrollment System. Page 19   Honorato C. Perez, Sr. Late Cabanatuan City Mayor Jeffy Lomboy ( February, 2011) Aries, (February 2012) Joshua Jamora, (February, 2013), Enrollment-System-1405014.html Harley Quinnie of Quezon City. (July, 2012) Enrollment System New Berlyn International School of informatics management, student admission system, (November, 2011). Roberts, the University of Derby, (November, 2009) Parcels Baggage, 2010 Thesis Document no.61 title: Batasan Chunan Christian School. Inc Enrollme Jonel Vitor, (March, 2008) et al

Programming language

The students will understand the concepts of structured programming and learn how to write programs for problem solving using structured programming language Learning Outcomes By the end of the unit, the student should be able to: a) b) c) d) f) To understand principles of good program design To understand the concept of a variable holding a value, how a variable is declared and how it can changeTo be able to use a conditional statement to select a choice from two or more alternatives To understand the concept of a loop – that is, a series of statements which is written once but executed repeatedly- and how to use it in a programming language To be able to break large problem into smaller parts, writing each part as a module or function To be able to use an array to store multiple pieces of homogeneous data, and use a structure to store multiple pieces of heterogeneous data Course Description Structured programming: problem solving techniques, algorithms, pseudo code, hanta, s emantics, data types, expressions, statements, input/output and control structures. Basic sequencing, alternation, and looping control constructs. Subprograms: functional and procedural abstractions and data abstraction.